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INTersectional APproach

to the process of integration in Europe

for survivors of human trafficking

Richtlinien für die Integration

von Betroffenen von Menschenhandel aus Nigeria und China 

zum Zweck der sexuellen Ausbeutung

Definition und Merkmale von Menschenhandel

Das UN-Menschenhandelsprotokoll (auch als „Palermo-Protokoll“ bekannt) definiert Menschenhandel anhand von drei grundlegenden und miteinander verbundenen Merkmalen. Diese Definition wurde auch in die EU-Richtlinie zur Verhütung und Bekämpfung des Menschenhandels und zum Schutz seiner Opfer übernommen.:

1. Handlung – Was ist die Handlung?

Anwerbung, Beförderung, Verbringung, Beherbergung oder Aufnahme von Personen

2. Mittel – Wie ist vorgegangen worden?

Durch die Androhung oder Anwendung von Gewalt oder anderen Formen der Nötigung, durch Entführung, Betrug, Täuschung, Missbrauch von Macht oder Ausnutzung besonderer Hilflosigkeit oder durch Gewährung oder Entgegennahme von Zahlungen oder Vorteilen zur Erlangung des Einverständnisses einer Person, die Gewalt über eine andere Person hat

3. Zweck – Welchem Zweck diente der Menschenhandel?

Ausbeutung des Opfers, die mindestens die Ausnutzung der Prostitution, anderer Formen sexueller Ausbeutung, Zwangsarbeit, Sklaverei oder sklavereiähnlicher Praktiken, Leibeigenschaft oder die Entnahme von Organen umfasst.

Menschenhandel ist demnach ein Prozess, der sich aus bestimmten Handlungen über einen Zeitraum zusammensetzt und nicht bloß eine Einzelhandlung zu einem Zeitpunkt darstellt. Die anfängliche Einwilligung des Opfers ist dabei unerheblich, wenn eines der genannten Tatmittel angewandt wurde.

What is human trafficking

The UN-Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (A/RES/55/25) (also known as the “Palermo Protocol”) defines human trafficking on the basis of three fundamental and interrelated criteria. This definition was also the basis for the EU Directive on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims (2011/36/EU).

1. Act – What is the act?

Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons

2. Means – How did it occur?

Through the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, or the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person

3. Purpose – To what end was the victim trafficked?

Exploitation of the victim, which includes, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs

Human trafficking, therefore, describes a process constituting certain acts over a period of time and not only a single act at a certain time. The initial consent of a victim is hereby irrelevant, if one of the afore mentioned means has been used.

The European Commission states that human trafficking has a ‘detrimental effect on individuals, society, and the economy’ and is a ‘gross violation of fundamental rights, and is explicitly prohibited under the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union’1.

Traffickers exploit their victim´s vulnerability (poverty, lack of access to education, ethnic conflicts, etc.) to gain a financial advantage. They usually do not act alone but within a criminal organisation (organised crime). Traffickers are often related to one another within criminal organisations or belong to the same ethnic group. Often times, a criminal organisation is present in more than one country and thus facilitates international human trafficking. Relatedly, they often abuse channels of irregular migration for their purposes and thus exploit asylum systems in the EU, which were created for humanitarian purposes. Unfortunately, in 2016, the EU stated that the number of prosecutions and convictions against such activity is ‘worryingly low’1.

In Western and Southern Europe, human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is by far the most prevalent form of trafficking: 66% of all detected victims of human trafficking were trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. 90% of those trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation are women or girls 2. 35% of all in the EU detected victims are non-EU citizens. The top two countries of origin of these victims are Nigeria and China.1 INTAP therefore specifically focuses on the integration of Nigerian and Chinese survivors.

1 European Commission: Report on the progress made in the fight against trafficking in human beings (2016), online: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/report_on_the_progress_made_in_the_fight_against_trafficking_in_human_beings_2016.pdf
2 UNODC: Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018, online: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GLOTiP_2018_BOOK_web_small.pdf

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